Frequency (Hz)Number of cycles per second. Human hearing: 20 Hz - 20 kHz.Decibel (dB)Logarithmic unit for measuring sound pressure level or gain.THD (Total Harmonic Distortion)Measure of unwanted harmonics added to signal. Lower is better.Frequency ResponseHow equipment or room responds across frequency spectrum.PhaseTiming relationship between waveforms. Critical for stereo imaging.Pink NoiseEqual energy per octave. Sounds like "shhhh", used for calibration.White NoiseEqual energy per Hz. Brighter than pink, used for some tests.Sine WavePure tone at single frequency. Fundamental test signal.SweepTone that changes frequency over time. Reveals full-range response.SPL (Sound Pressure Level)Measure of sound loudness in dB. 85 dB+ can damage hearing.